It has been said that exogamous marriages tend to lead to language shift (Igboanus & Wolf, 2009 & Dumanig, David & Shanmuganathan, 2013). In an early study Gal (1978) found that Hungarian women marrying German men in the city of Oberwat had shifted to German to negate their peasant Hungarian ancestry and to move up the socio-economic ladder. Similarly, David and Dealwis (2011) found in their study of Malaysian Sindhi Hindus that exogamous marriages tend to lead to language shift but is not the only reason for the shift away from the heritage language. Therefore, before mixed marriages take place one should study perceptions of the speech community towards such marriages. In this exploratory study, the perceptions of Sindhi Muslims-men and women and from different socio-economic groups towards exogamous marriages are studied. With this objective, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Sindhi Muslim participants (four male adults and six female adults) who live in Karachi. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and themes were generated after formal consent was obtained. The findings show that language choice in the home domain is shifting because of intercultural marriages. Also, such marriages are frequent among Sindhi community members with a high socio-economic status who live in cities. Gender plays an equal role too, as the women respondents showed mixed responses towards exogamous marriages while the male respondents had a more positive perception. Such views and perceptions may affect choice of marital partners and language choice in the home domain.

This research paper focuses on socio-economic conditions of home-based working women in Hyderabad Division, of Sindh Pakistan. Main objectives of this research are (i) to analyze the Socio-economic condition of home-based working women (ii) to assess the poverty and home-based work (iii) to find out the illiteracy and home-based work (iv) to investigate the role of handicrafts and home-based work in cultural and economic development (v) to unearth the Sindhi culture of handicrafts in Hyderabad Division. To achieve research objectives qualitative research approach is adopted and data is collected by four case studies in Hyderabad division. All cases are selected randomly and analyzed by using thematic analysis method. Present study concluded that researched area is rich in handicrafts business. Women engaged themselves in home-based work due to poverty, unemployment and poor financial conditions of their families. This business has very low profit but female preferred this work due less skills and education required to carry handicrafts business. Home-based workers felt empowered due to having their own income and took part in decision making. In last it is recommended for policy makers and government agencies to give priority to this business because it has potential. It is necessary for economic development of families, culture and country.

Afghanistan is in state of war for almost 40 long years but the political dynamics got changed after 9/11. Since the war on terror started facets of peace talks launched without meaningful end. The reconciliation process in Afghanistan had immediately started after establishment of Afghan interim government in 2001. Till 2016 mid, four different reconciliation /reintegration processes were launched by the USA and Hamid Karzai government with Afghan Taliban. The new elected president Ashraf Ghani ended all such processes in 2016 but showed willingness again in 2018 for direct peace talks between USA and Taliban clerics. In the current political scenario, Afghan reconciliation process is back on track with direct peace talks between USA, Taliban and Afghan Government along other international actors. However, Taliban were not ready to sit with the Afghan Government and this is where the Pakistan played as key to Afghan peace process. The focus of this research article is to find the challenges and opportunities of this peace process; Pakistan’s role as cardinal player can consolidate the peace process in Afghanistan. Furthermore, this research will give future recommendations for the peace process in Afghanistan.

This study estimates the leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto, first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Islamic world. The life history of Benazir Bhutto also falls under the category of charismatic leadership as she displayed exceptional leadership qualities in the face of different personal and political challenges. Much has been written on the life, personality and political career of Benazir Bhutto but very few have made academic and in depth study of leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto which were predominant and striking features of her political leadership during her second tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Therefore, this article navigates on diverse Socio-economic, Political and Geo-strategic challenges and responses of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Further, it encapsulates her relationship with military, dwindling state of economy, revengeful role of opposition and various contradictions with President created a grave challenge not only for poor governance but also for the longevity of her premiership tenure. It was not smooth sailing for her as Prime Minister; however, it was a hard journey full of myriad challenges, inherited dwindling economy, overdeveloped state structure, strife torn society, volatile geo-political situation, regional disparities, vindictive politics of opposition and imbalance of power between Prime Minister and President required stupendous efforts from Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister. Further, this study presents a systematic and factual analysis of the socio-economic challenges and the arbitrary use of the Presidential power (58) (2B). Furthermore, theory of challenge and response has also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. It also throws light on the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership. Besides, this study attempts to find what were the diverse challenges faced by Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1993-96)? How did she respond to various challenges as Prime Minister?

In modern times, the conventional means of warfare are increasingly becoming less usable. However, the states are involved in waging hybrid warfare to the maximum to fulfill their foreign policy goals. In nuclearized South Asia, direct war between India and Pakistan seems unlikely given that both the states know that escalation could lead to nuclear catastrophe in the region. This compels both the states to find other means of warfare to undermine each other’s interests. India wants to weaken Pakistan so that it may abandon claim on Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir. For that, India is using all tools of hybrid warfare against Pakistan. In this context, this paper aims at to unearth India’s hybrid warfare in the region and its implications for Pakistan. The main focus of the paper is to explain tools and methods of India hybrid warfare. At the same time the research also tries to unravel few other case studies. It also notes how Pakistan can counter hybrid threats posed by its arch rival.

Foreign direct investment plays a key role in economic development of all countries. Because of its enormous importance, a large number of empirical studies has focused on finding out the factors determining foreign direct investment. Level of human capital development is one of the major factors influencing foreign inflows. However, earlier studies examining impact of human capital on foreign investment inflows has majorly used literacy rate, school enrolment and government spending on education as its proxies. This paper also examines the impact of human capital as determinant of foreign direct investment. Contrary to earlier empirical studies, it uses cognitive skills as proxy for human capital. Cognitive skills measure the quality of education instead of literacy rate or government spending on education as proxy for human capital. Results indicate that human capital has significant positive effect on foreign direct investment for sample countries. This result is robust to disaggregated data for developed and developing countries. Other factors that determine foreign direct investment inflows are inflation, capital account openness, trade account openness and real income. Based on empirical results, it is recommended that the relevant authorities must make human capital as part and parcel of strategies aimed at augmenting economic growth in the country. There is also a lesson for a developing country like Pakistan to focus more on quality of education instead of school enrolment or education spending for attracting foreign direct investment to boost economic activity (J.E.L Classification Codes: O4, O15, P22).

Pakistan is behind many other countries in the Asia region in reducing poverty. Dedicated poverty reduction Programmes so far were mainly done by NGOs using livelihood and microfinance approaches and since 2008 through the Benazir Income Support Programme’s cash transfer scheme. Recently, the office of the Prime Minister established Ehsaas Strategy which combines the various poverty reduction and social protection approaches in the country under one Programme. This paper argues that a stronger focus on effective income generating poverty reduction Programmes would be needed to make poverty reduction more successful.

Peace has always been a fundamental need of humanity and social beings. Despite of all the worldly, scientific and materialistic progress in almost every domain of life, eternal peace is missing. Peace education is a process of achieving peace, at personal, inter-personal, national and international levels, through education, focusing on promoting universal brotherhood, fraternity, global citizenship and the culture of peaceful co-existence. This article aims to institutionalize peace education and culture at secondary government schools of Lahore, Pakistan. A questionnaire focusing on peace education and inculcating of peace culture was used for data collection. The data revealed peace education is implicitly taught but it is not practiced in schools and hence, is not part of school curriculum. Also peace culture-related activities are missing in the school curriculum and there is a dire need of such activities.

The global financial crises 2007 bring about the current banking regulations which stood inadequate to avoid banks from taking in unnecessary risk actions. Therefore, Bank for International Settlement (BIS) and G-20 leaders endorsed a new international standard of banking regulations by revising previous Basel II rule, introduced in 2004, into Basel III in late 2010, so as to enhance the quality including quantity of capital, leverage ratio and liquidity standards, which has become a challenge for nationals to implement these strict reforms under their existing banking system. Parallel with the conventional banking system, for which the Basel Committee formulated Basel framework, Islamic banking introduced in early 1977 to 1980 in Pakistan in response to the decision by the Shariat Bench of Supreme Court, necessitates that the financial system be transformed to operate in conformity with sharia. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Bank Negara Malaysia are the regulator of Islamic banks and full member of IFSB. The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) established in 2002 in Malaysia as an international standard-setting organization to enforce the international regulatory and supervisory guidelines for Islamic financial organizations along with other standard setting bodies such as AAOIFI and ISDB to achieve this objective. The IFSB promotes the stability and soundness of the Islamic financial institutions by issuing guiding standards and prudential regulations for the industry, The IFSB applied Basel standards in the context of Islamic banks and its operating models. This paper critically evaluates Islamic financial institution’s regulatory and supervisory structures particularly for Pakistan and Malaysia and examines financial position after implementing Basel Accord rules. Study suggests a positive impact in case of both countries.

Until recently, Gwadar has always been mentioned as a small insignificant fishing town. Very little was known about its history and potential to the outside world. However, at the turn of the 21st century Gwadar became the focus of attention globally. The development of a deep seaport with China’s assistance and prospects of connecting China and Central Asia through Pakistan to the North Arabian Sea has brought this small, insignificant fishing town to international recognition. But history reveals that this region has always played a vital role since primeval times due to its geostrategic and geographical location. From Alexander’s retreat to Pakistan’s reclaiming Gwadar, it has always reminded its significance at different times in diverse manners. This paper aims to bring into light the historical journey of Gwadar, which usually remained unknown or were either considered trivial by historians. Gwadar became an important chapter in the Belt and Road initiative proposed by the Chinese president. It will link China, South Asia, Middle East, Central Asia, Africa and Europe through a network of land and sea routes and ports will contribute significantly to the progress and prosperity of Gwadar in Pakistan, China and the entire region.

Horoscopes are considered as one of the important content items in the mass media. Many people perceive and believe that these Zodiac signs have an impact on their lives. That is why they check these signs on different media regularly. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of Sindh University students about horoscope. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from 100 students of Sindh University through a close-ended questionnaire. The results concluded that girls are more interested in horoscope than boys. The sources for horoscope prediction were mainly newspapers among the Sindh University students. The students reported that they read horoscope daily to skip the pressure and try to satisfy their minds. This research is limited to the University of Sindh students. In the future, the researchers should conduct a large-scale study with a more significant population to determine the perception of the public about horoscopes.

This research is conducted, in order to analyze the students’ academic performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. This is a case study conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The study was focused to the students who have passed matriculation class (Class-X), equivalent to secondary level in Pakistan(10 years of education). Sample size of 1097 higher Secondary level students were randomly selected from various colleges and schools in a way that around 150 students should take part in the survey from each institute. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male = 448, Female = 648) and locale (Urban=455, Rural=641) basis. A data collection questionnaire was developed by the researchers and implemented for data collection. After collection of the data from desired population, the statistical analysis based on Pearson’s Chi-square and Correlation models were carried out in SPSS. The conclusion inferred from the data analysis of the study, strongly revealed that the students’ academic achievement at high school secondary level was highly associated to their parent’s educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking appropriate measures. In order to coup tough financial conditions at their homes, deprived students should be provided adequate scholarships. Free stationary and books should also be provided at schools.

This article reports the wash-back of formative assessment on what students learn, how they learn and the depth of their learning in Saudi higher education context. Previous research indicates that assessment methods affect different aspects of learning either positively or negatively depending on the nature of assessment tasks. Observations indicate a clear association between Saudi students’ learning and how their learning is assessed; so this research was needed to determine how exactly the correlation looked like—positive or negative. The data in this study were collected from Saudi undergraduates by employing a student survey and semi-structured interviews. The survey included Likert scale items of agreement regarding research assignments, quizzes and midterm examinations administered to 250 English-major students. To validate the survey results, sixteen students from different levels with GPA 3 and above were interviewed. The results showed that formative assessment narrowed down the scope of learning materials. The students mostly adopted surface level learning strategies to prepare for formative assessment tasks. Higher order thinking skills were not tested in any of the formative assessment methods. Therefore, it is suggested that assessments tasks should be subjected to thorough validation and moderation. Sound assessment practices should be put in place and practiced judiciously. To achieve these objectives, sustained institutional and departmental professional backing is a prerequisite.

Like many low-income countries, Pakistan is facing children’s health problems. The major health problems affecting children in the country are Pneumonia, Diarrhoea, Measles, Malaria and malnutrition. There is much research has already been conducted on biomedical and epidemiological aspects of these health problems, but little is known about the social and cultural dimensions of children’s health issues. This paper attempts to propose the sociological research on children’s health problems in Pakistan with the emic focus on local context. The proposed future research may mainly be situated in the interpretivist paradigm of qualitative inquiry. Thus, it will contribute in up-scaling the very basic understanding of the meaning formed by people about social determinants of prevailing children health problems and their potential hazardous consequences in Pakistan.

Media in its various forms has become a significant part of everyday social life. It influences both how we see ourselves and the world around us to some extent. At different screens of media, images of men and women are presented in different ways and with different characteristics. Studies have been conducted at large regarding representation of gender in movies and television drama serials. This paper was meant to be an addition to this vast canvas of research through analysis of gender representation in the comedy dramas of Pakistan. According to West and Zimmerman’s theory of ‘doing gender’, gender is performed by the people in their everyday actions and interactions. Keeping in view the concept of doing gender this study analyzed roles of males and females and tried to find out how different characters maintain their gender identities in comedy dramas. Results suggested that the characters were, at many places, observed to be acting contrary to the roles associated to their genders by the society. They did or performed gender to maintain their identities.

This research has been integrated to check the affiliation between gender equality, employment trends, and sustainable economic growth of low income countries. Furthermore, this research validates a classical theory that argued that factoring or adding more variables in a gender specified model will reduce the only portion of residuals but does not rule out the gap. It also considers the impact of gender inequality and employment trends on sustainable economic growth separately and combines. Panel data estimation by using secondary data sources from recognized international organizations such as the United Nations Development Program, World Economic Outlook, and World Economic Situation Perspectives over time. Gender inequality, unemployment, and some other macro-economic, social, demographic, and financial factors are incorporated over 2011 to 2020. This research considers three different statistical models. For statistical estimation of long run affiliation granger causality and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) is utilized by the researcher. Gender inequality negatively influences sustainable economic growth. Employment trends also contribute to influencing economic growth. Moreover, there is a statistically significant association amid gender inequality, employment trends, and sustainable economic growth. Furthermore, factoring more variables in gender specified models does not rule out gender inequality. There is long term association between gender equality, employment trends, and sustainable economic growth of low income countries. Therefore, when governments or policymakers construct policies about reducing or eliminating gender inequality, they must consider employment trends prevailing in that economy.

The present paper is an attempt to evaluate consociational political strategies, grand coalition and segmental autonomy, in the political and democratic history of Pakistan from 1947 to Signing of Charter of Democracy in 2006. We challenge conventional wisdom and argue that it was not only centralized nature of Pakistani state which created hurdles for flourishing democracy and politics of accommodation, adjustment and respect. Rather, lack of consociational political strategies on the part of political elites also contributed to developing politics of contention. Through investigation of political history of Pakistan, the paper argues that failure of political elites to develop consociational political strategies had negative impacts on issues related to segmental autonomy, proportional representation and supremacy of parliament which are the core principles of Arend Lijphart’s consociational theory. While investigating role of Judiciary, the paper argues that as per consociational theory, superior judiciary has failed to play a-political and constitutional role.

Effective implementation of Social Policy is the main function of every government whether it belongs to developed nation or underdeveloped. Developed nations are those which have the highest ratio of Gross Domestic Production (GDP), spent on the social policy while the under-developed have least ratio of GDP spent on public and social policies. Notwithstanding that much resources are spent on social services the developed nation have effective delivery mechanism as well, and social policy is implemented through various organizational structures such as public, private, Non – Governmental Organizations (NGOs). This research paper aims to highlight health sector in the province of Sindh - a southern province of Pakistan, with application of new public policy paradigm in order to highlight loop holes of the administrative environment. and its impact on Public Service Motivation.

COVID-19 pandemic still lurks among us for nearly a year now. Many countries have announced lockdowns and encouraged to maintain the social distancing to cease the spread of the disease. Announcements and speeches by the heads and representatives of governments are key to persuade people to obey the rules through minimizing travels, interactions and staying at home. However, some announcements have caused confusion and distress to people at the same time. Past studies related to political speeches have mainly focused on inauguration, presidential campaign, and legislative debates. Therefore, current study at hand aims to investigate the persuasive strategies employed by Imran Khan as Pakistan’s prime minister in his COVID-19 speeches. It further explores that what types of persuasive strategies used, how these were used and whether the COVID-19 speeches were successful in achieving the required control over spread of virus among the people in the country. It is qualitative study which further focuses on descriptive and thematically analyses based on Wodak (2005) discursive strategies and Aristotle’s three forms of rhetoric. Speeches and statements of Imran Khan were taken from two national newspapers of Pakistan; Dawn and The News, YouTube and Official Twitter account at the first and second stage of COVID-19. The findings encourage to contribute in the field of national political discourse in social practices and persuasive discourse in leadership specially during a pandemic of an infectious disease.

English is amongst the most commonly articulated languages ??on the Earth. It led to a significant effect on its growth. In Pakistan, English is utilized at all educational levels. Therefore, its development is unaffected rather natural. The phrases and words of other languages can be easily combined with English language, hence it is spread widely. In Sindh province of Pakistan, the English words and phrases are recurrently mixed and borrowed with the Sindhi language. They are used in the news items of Sindhi print media frequently. The technique of code-mixing and loan words is noticed in both, written (in newspapers) and spoken (on news channels) form of the language. The research works on the degree of occurrence of code-mixing and loanwords in Sindhi print media in Pakistan. The fundamental parts of multilingualism and bilingualism changes and mixes both languages that have been shown in this article. This propensity to exchange and mix codes caused a notable change in the minds of Sindhi newspaper readers of the Sindh province and Sindhi culture is passed through many parts of Sindh. The impact to mix Sindhi and English words in the culture of Pakistan has also been shown in this research. Investigations have been conducted by the utilization of subjective strategies. Patterns of code blending in Pakistan have been partitioned into three main categories: They are level of sentence, grammatical form and level of word’s classification. In Sindh, the highest number of code-mixing is shown at the word level. The readers of the Sindhi tabloids are progressively keen on English learning. The level of English code-mixing has been shown by the results of this research.

Trainee lady health visitors in Pakistan have extensive problems in their daily fieldwork: sexual harassment, character calling, rude behavior of people, irregular wages and life-threatening situations (Diwan, 2013). TLHVs experience vulnerability and harassment by religious fundamentalists (Naqvi & Khan, 2005). Their gender, age, socioeconomic background and unhealthy patterns of Pakistan’s patriarchal society add more stress (Tabassum, 2016). Stress may cause depression therefore this study is conducted to explore the prevalence of depression in TLHVs of Karachi, Pakistan and to find the correlation of depression with somatic/affective factor and cognitive factor of depression by using Beck Depression Inventory-II based on descriptive and correlational design. The results indicate the prevalence of moderate depression among TLHVs, further it indicates stronger positive correlation between depression and somatic/affective factors of depression than cognitive factors of depression.

It is an ultimate reality that the emergence of globalization and future challenges of this competitive world provokes the Think-Tankers to lay the foundations of education on its actual axis (i.e. Qur’an). Human history has proved that prosperity of Human being was the prime goal of Islamic System of Education. This evaluation research study is an extended research work of my Ph.D thesis aims to analyze the need of integrated curriculum for Islamic Elementary School System in the light of Islamic imperatives scientifically. Proportional Stratified Sampling provides the data, collected through ten (10) Open-cum-Close-Ended Questionnaires. The conclusion was drawn by Quantitative and Qualitative assessment which revealed that Integrated Curriculum fulfills the need of Islamic Elementary School System.

Parentage is the most sacred relation in Islam. The religion Islam assigns various duties to parents to be fulfilled, which are the due rights of their children. Like other duties, a most important duty is educating children. When a child reaches to the age of understanding and learning, then parents need to provide education and knowledge to grow his/her intellectual abilities that empower the child to identify and learn about how to deal with the different aspects of life. Education elucidates to children the purpose of Divine plan of creation. The Islamic Sharia offers equal opportunities of education to both male and female. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: “seeking of knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim male and female”. As acquiring knowledge is an essential religious duty in Islam therefore any carelessness in fulfilling this duty means compromising their responsibility. Many parents in Pakistan are failed to fulfill this duty therefore a huge number of students remained uneducated. This paper is an attempt to know about the duties of parents regarding educating their children, and critically analyze the present scenario in Pakistan.

Irrigation reforms in Pakistan focused on participatory irrigation management (PIM) to include stakeholders in decision-making to effectively manage the system. Currently, two governance systems are in place in Pakistan. The irrigation department controls one and the other by PIM after adapting the irrigation reforms around twenty years back. This study has focused on comparative analysis of the users’ experiences in both systems about governance in Sindh province of Pakistan by using good governance principles. The study used multistage cluster sampling technique and quota-based technique to select sample size for primary data collection. Four distributaries with location and PIM and non-PIM attributes were selected. A 5-scale Likert survey questionnaire was designed to find user experiences. To analyze the data and compare the performance of different systems, Kruskal-Wallis-H-Test and Post-Hoc-Mann-Whitney-U-Test were employed. Results show that both irrigation systems are not ideally working according to principles of good governance. PIM needs to abide and follow the established principles and practices to reap the benefits of the participatory system to contribute in the better governance and management of irrigation system.

The Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of carefully chosen editorial cartoons have been critically analyzed to expose the hidden ,estimated and intended meaning ,which are veiled in the discourse used in editorial cartoons. Its analysis clarifies the ideology and its social relevance to its people. The interpretation, tool, text analysis and social analysis are enough to expose the inequality as in the language among the highly placed over the lowly placed. Thus, the use of language reflects injustice, dominance, power, and inequality. Critical Discourse Analysis has been an extensive discipline from the last few decades to analyze diverse sides of the various current discourses in the society through newspapers, media and movies and so forth. The editorial cartoons in “The times of India” have been analysed to depict the elements of framing and multi-modality in the cartoons in which the relationship of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) with terrorists has been established to foreground the strings among these power sectors in Pakistan.

During the reign of Turkhan ruler Mirza Jani Beg, Mughal emperor Akbar sent troops and annexed Sindh to his empire. Mughals governed Sindh through appointing Subedars (Governors) who did their worst to plunder Sindh as much as they could. Consequently, Socio-political and economic conditions of Sindh markedly deteriorated to such an extent that people turned against Mughal government. Various up-risings began. Mianwal Movement was one of such resistance movement led by a spiritual and religious leader Mian Adam Shah Kalhoro against Mughal rule of Sindh. It was known as Mianwal Movement that established from his village Hatri of Taluka Bakrani District Larkana. He formed Daira (a place for social interaction) where many indigent people were served with food and shelter and in return, they became staunch workers of his movement. Thus, an organized militant force emerged which fought various battles against emerging powers of the time in which three leaders along with many soldiers laid their lives. Subsequently, they movement succeeded to establish Kalhora government over Sindh which lasted from 1701 to 1783 AD. The aim of this research paper is to analyze Mughal government and give detailed accounts of oppressions of Mughal Subedars of Sindh. This study also analyses the contribution of leaders and workers of Mianwal Movement who fought countless battles with Mughal forces.

History of Kashmir is full of tales of terror and oppression. For centuries, despite change of rulers and reigns, sufferings of Kashmiris have continued unabated. Sikh rule under Maharaja Ranjit Singh is particularly, accused of persecution of Kashmiris. This persistent privation forced many Kashmiris to leave their homeland and settle in other areas of the Punjab during Sikh rule. Maharaja Ranjit Singh replaced eight governors one after the other, mainly on account of charges of persecuting Kashmiris however; neither miseries of Kashmiris halted nor their migration to other parts of Punjab. In addition to this ‘push’, establishment of factory of Kashmiri shawls and several residential colonies in Lahore and other parts of Punjab, also attracted lots of Kashmiris to Punjab where better prospects of employment, habitation and self-esteem existed. The current study therefore, would mainly focus on various ‘push and pull’ factors that forced Kashmiris to abandon their homes and settle in various parts of the Punjab during the Sikh rule. Additionally, the study will also explore, in the light of primary and secondary sources, the existing narrative against Maharaja Ranjit Singh for persecuting and forcing relocation of Kashmiris, and see if these allegations hold some ground or these are mere stereotypes and part of some larger conspiracy theory to divide the Muslims and the Sikh communities.

The aim of the research was to analyse the relationship between stock returns (KSE-100 index) and USDPKR exchange rate. Additionally, the analysis was conducted separately for Khan’s and Sharif’s era. In order to attain this aim, VAR and SVAR models were used. The sample was considered from June 2010 to June 2019 of monthly frequency related to stock returns and exchange rates. The results inferred that there was no relationship found between FX returns and stock returns in the case of Pakistan. However, a minor unidirectional relationship was found which implied that the stock returns were Granger-caused by exchange rate returns at 10% significance level. Besides, analysing Khan’s and Sharif’s regime separately, no significant association was found between exchange rate returns and stock returns. This research is the first one where Khan and Sharif’s have been analysed separately in the context of FX returns and stock returns. The results implied that the theories related to no relationship between exchange rates and stock returns are sustained but a minor association was found. The underlying reason for such behaviour can be regarded as a result of psychological influence on the investors of the deteriorating value of PKR affecting their investments in the stock market.

To general public, all videos are perceived to be true, but they may not have probative value in the Court of law. The undertaken article analyzes the admissibility and probative value of a video presented as evidence before a court in the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan (CJSP). It analyzes the relevant law and diagnoses the problems with the video evidence through the lens of the judgments of Superior Courts. The court of law objectively ascertains that a video presented as evidentiary means bears significant relevance to the fact in question. It must be admissible under the law, and it must be proved to be genuine. To fill up the gap between a “Video” and a “Video Evidence”, there is a process, which is known as video authentication. It determines that the video contents are genuine, authentic, credible, unaltered, untampered and unfabricated. The study discusses various modes of video authentication. Precedents set by superior courts of Pakistan show that convictions have been made once the courts are satisfied with the credibility of video evidence. In the court of law, video evidence is normally presented after the completion of prosecution evidence. The video is played in court and is watched by the presence. But the researcher establishes that such process does not have legal justification. The article suggests that it would be legal and proper for the prosecution to produce the video evidence through the witness, during his evidence, who is either victim, witness, recorded and/or copied the video directly from original source such as C.C.T.V system and that witness would be subjected to cross examination.

The paper deals with Islamic Socialism and the rise of Pakistan People’s Party. This research gives better understanding for the rise of PPP on the basis of its slogan “Islamic Socialism” and tries to explain that how the regime of Bhutto manipulated Islam in order to rule for as long as he can. PPP tried to amalgamate Islam with western philosophy of Socialism which was only cosmetic as it was in theory but not in practice. Islam is the only shadow and umbrella of politics in Pakistan and it harmed the political culture in Pakistan. The wrong implementation of that philosophy led the country towards many crises after 1977 and the slogan of Islamic socialism by Bhutto was one of the major causes of his downfall. The manipulation of religion in Pakistani politics for the purpose of gaining popularity has discussed in this research, especially with reference to PPP.

This paper studies Ayisha Malik’s Sofia Khan is not obliged from postcolonial perspective. The paper studies the novel from the view of the discourse presented by Homi K. Bhabha. The novel was published in 2015. The story revolves around a girl of Muslim ethnicity from Pakistan named Sofia Khan. She is living in London and is working there in a publishing company. The story is about the adventures of protagonist; her experiences and views the London from her perspective. The paper analyzes the characters and the main events from the research method of textual analysis. The study finds that the concept proposed by Bhabha, very much plays an operative role (viable role) on the British-Muslim- characters in their attempt to assimilate into their Host/Home country. It concludes that how these Muslim characters locate agency in the “in between space” within the process of mimicry and negotiate their identity in their effort to assimilate in colonizer’s space.